Chapter 10- Kingdom Anamalia

Summary of Kingdom Anamalia

(1) PHYLUM PORIFERA

• Porous body

• CaCO3 Silica Skeleton

• Asymmetrical

• Amphiblastula larva

• Diffuse cellular organization

• Spongocoel body cavity

(2) PHYLUM CNIDARIA

• Radially symmetrical

• Body cavity “Coelentron”

• Pnedoblast – Defensive cells

• Diploblast (Ecto + Endoderm)

• Middle non-cellular layer “Mesoglea”

• Larva – Planula Larva

• Morphologically

a- Medusa = Umbrella like

b- Polyp = Rod shaped

(3) PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

• Flatworms

• Totally Parasite

• Flat or Ribbon shaped

• Excretory organs – Proto nephridia (Flame cells)

• Aeoelomate (Absence of body cavity)

• It is the first phylum containing triplo blastic animals

• Usually Hermaphrodites

• Planaria is the only free living member

• High fertility rate

• Bilaterally Symmetrical

(4) PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES (NEMATODA – ROUND WORMS)

• Totally parasitic including 50 human parasite

• Bilaterally symmetrical with cylindrical body

• Two openings (Mouth & Anus)

• Psudocoelomates

• Common diseases – Ascariasis, filiariasis (elephantiasis), hook worm infection.

(5) PHYLUM ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS)

• Metamers (External segmentation)

• Septae (Internal segmentation)

• Setae (Locomotary organs) or cheata

• Digestive, excretory, nervous, reproductive system well developed.

• Respiration through diffusion

• Blood is red with a closed type of circulatory system (with many pulsatile hearts)

CLASS POLYCHEATA

• Setae with Parapodia

• Separate sexes

• Sabella (Peacock worm), Nereis (Clam worm)

CLASS OLIGOCHEATA

• Setae without Parapodia

• Pheretima (Earth worm)

CLASS HIRUNDINIA (LEACHES)

• Free living, Ecto or Endo parasite

• Contains a Enzyme hirudin which prevents blood clotting

(6) PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (SOFT BODIED ANIMAL)

• Second largest phylum

• Largest invertebrate – Gram squlds

• External hard covering calcium carbonate shell

• A grinding structure radula is present in the buccal cavity

• Thin membraneous covering of the body – mantle

• Respiration through gills

• Locomotary organ a mascular foot

• Larva – Trocophore larva

CLASS GASTROPODA

A phenomenon torsion is present in which the animal body rotates at the angle of 180˚

Example: Pila

CLASS BIVALVIA

• Second largest class of mollusca

• Shell consist of two parts and attached with eachother by hinge joint

• Common examples: Unio, mytilus and pearl oysters

CLASS CEPHALOPODA

• All members are marine

• Locomotary organ foot transformed into suckers which bears tentacles and arms

• Example: Sepia (cuttle fish), loligo (squids), octopus (devil fish)

• Shell is absent in octopus

(7) PHYLUM ARTHROPODA ( JOINTED LEGS)

• Largest phylum

• One million species

• Metamerically segmented animals

• Blood filled cavity hoemocoel is present

• Blood without haemoglobin (white)

• Respiration: Gills, Trachea or Book lungs

• Excretory organs malphigian tubules

• Nervous system well developed

• Compound erges with sharp vision

• Metamorphosis = developmental changes which transforms a larva into its developed adult form

• Incomplete metamorphosis = egg → nymph → adult e.g. cockroach

• Complete metamorphosis = ® egg ® larva ® pupa ® adult e.g. Butterfly, common, housefly and mosquito

• Moulting (ecdysis)

• Changing over of old exoskeleton and formation of a new one

• Apiculture => Farming of honey bees

• Sericulture => Farming of silk worms

CLASS MEROSTOMATA

Limulus (king crab)

CLASS ARCHINIDA (SPIDER LIKE)

• Group of Spiders & Scorpions

• Respiration through book lungs

• Four pair of walking legs

CLASS CRUSTACEA

• Class of prawns, shrimps, lobsters, crabs

• Two pairs of antenae, one pair of mandible and two pair of maxilla

• Exoskeleton a large plate of carapase

• Sacculina is the only parasitic member

CLASS MYRIAPODA

• Class of millipedes and centipedes

• Body is divided into similar multiple segments

CLASS INSECTA OR HEXAPODA

• Largest class (eight lakhs & 50,000 members)

• Study of insects is called entomology

• Three pairs of walking legs

• Pterygota (insects with wings)

• Apterygota (insects without wings)

• Social insects: Ants, termites, honey bees

(8) PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA (ANIMAL WITH SPINY SKIN)

• Marine animals

• Radially symmetrical

• Pentamerous body

• Water vascular system is present

• Locomotary organs are tube feets = External openings of the water vascular system

• Exoskeleton is made up of calcarious plates in the form of spines

• Power of regemeration is very great

• Phylum echinodermata, hemichordata & chordate posses common ancestor

• Bipinnaria larva is present

• Common e.g. Sea Star (Star fish, Brittle star, Sea dollar, Sea urchins, Sea cucumbers.

(9) PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA (ANIMAL WITH HALF NOTOCHORD)

• Notochord in future = Vertebral column + Skull

• Dorsal nerve cord = Brain and Spinal cord

• Pharengeal gill slits <-->Aquatic animals = gills

• -> Terrestrial = Internal neck structures

• Only 90 species are present

• Larva is tornaria larva

• Open circulatory system

(10) PHYLUM CHORDATA

GROUP ACRANIATA

Brain without any covering or skull

SUB-PHYLUM UROCHORDATA

• Also known as tunicates

• Body is enclosed in a sac tunic

• Only embryonical stages show chordate characters

SUB-PHYLUM CEPHALO CHORDATA

Embryonic as well as adult both forms show typical chordate characters

GROUP CRANIATA OR VERTEBRATA

Brain and spinal cord is enclosed in a hard covering skull & vertebral column respectively

SUB-PHYLUM AGNATHA (ANIMALS WITHOUT JAWS)

• Also known as cyclostomes or jawless fishes

• Totally parasitic

• Teeth are present in the form of rings

• Common e.g. Hag fishes, lamprey

SUB–PHYLUM GNATHOSTOMATA (ANIMAL WITH JAWS)

• Teeth may be present or absent

• Amphibians and bird lack teeth

• Fishes, reptiles, mammals do have teeth

1. SUPER - CLASS PICSES (FISHES)

Study of fish is known as echthylogy

SUB – CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES (CARTILAGENOUS FISHES)

• Endo skeleton is cartilaginous (soft boned)

• Exoskeleton – Placoid scales

• Fins are heterocircle (different size and shaped)

• Gills without any covering

• Common example (Sharks, Squids, torpedo, electric ray)

• Scolidoen (dog fish) – Small Shark

SUB - CLASS OSTEOCHYTHES (BONY FISHES)

• Exoskeleton cycloid or ctenoid scales

• Operculum is present (covering of gills)

• Fins are homocircle (Same size and shape)

• Lung fishes are included in order dipnoi.

2. SUPER CLASS TETRAPODA

1. CLASS AMPHIBIA

• Exoskeleton is absent

• Respiration by lungs, gills or skin

• Fertilization is external

• Cold blooded

• Having the characteristics of hibernation & aestivation

• Common e.g. Toads, frogs, salamanders etc.

2. CLASS REPTILIA

• Included in group amniota due to the presence of amnion in eggs

• Fertilization is internal

• Exoskeleton is made up of thick horny scales

• Important members are snakes, turtles, lizards, crocodiles and alligators

• Venom → Snake poison

• Fangs → sharped and curved teeth of snake

3. CLASS AVES (BIRDS)

• Study of birds is called ornithology

• They posses hollow bones (Pneumatic bones)

• Sound producing organ “Syrinx” is present instead of larynx.

• Teeth totally absent.

SUB CLASS RETITA (FLIGHT LESS BIRDS)

• E.g. Penguin, Kiwi, Ostrich.

• Ostrich → Largest Bird.

SUB CLASS CARNIATAE (FLYING BIRDS)

• Wings with interlocking system.

• Common e.g. Peacock, Seagulls, Kites, Falcon etc.

• Archeopetryx → Intermediate specie between reptiles and birds.

4. CLASS MAMMALIA

• Presence of mammary glands and hairs.

• A muscular organ diaphragm, which separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity.

• Teeth are present with different size and shape (heterodont).

a- Incissors → for biting and cutting purpose

b- Canives → Tearing purpose

c- Pre-Molars -> For grinding and holding purpose

d- Molars -> For grinding and holding purpose

SUB CLASS PROTOTHERA (EGG LAYING MAMMALS)

• Also called monotremous.

• Two genera with 3 species

• Oviparous.

• Common urogenital opening Cloaca is present.

• External ear is absent.

• It is a connecting link between reptiles and true mammals. e.g. spiny anteater, duck billed platypus.

SUB CLASS METATHERIA (POUCHED MAMMALS)

• Marsupials

• Give birth to live young ones.

• Special pouch like bag is present in the ventral side of female.

• This pouch is known as marsupial.

• Common e.g. Kangaroo, Kuala bear, Opossums.

SUB CLASS EUTHERIA (PLACENTAL ANIMALS)

• 95% of mammals are included in this group.

• Viviparous.

• Placenta → connecting link between mother and fetus.

• Common e.g. Camel, donkey, elephant, bat, whale, dolphin.

• Markhor is the national animal of Pakistan also known as Wild goat.

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